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Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients 65 years of age. Risperidone has been PBS-listed as an authority item for behavioural disturbances characterised by psychotic symptoms and aggression in patients with dementia where non-pharmacological methods have been unsuccessful. The listing applies to risperidone 500 microgram and 1 mg scored tablets, 500 microgram and 1 mg orally disintegrating tablets Quicklet ; and oral solution 1 mg per mL, 30 mL.

Rowley KG, Daniel M, Skinner K, Skinner M, et al. Effectiveness of a community-directed 'healthy lifestyle' program in a remote Australian aboriginal community. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24, 2 Apr 2000 ; : pp. 136-144. Rychetnik L, Frommer M, Hawe P, Shiell A. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56 2 ; : 119-127. Schmitz KH, Jeffery RW. Prevention of Obesity, in Handbook of Obesity Treatment, eds. T. A. Wadden and A. J. Stunkard. New York: The Guilford Press, 2002 ; . Snyder LB, Hamilton MA, Mitchell EW, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of mediated health communication campaigns on behavior change in the United States. Journal of Health Communication 9, Suppl 1 2004 ; : pp. 71-96. The Community Nutritionists Council of BC. Making the Connection Food Security and Public Health. June 2004. Thomas J, Sutcliffe K, Harden A, Oakley A, Oliver S, Rees R, Brunton G, Kavanagh J. Children and Healthy Eating: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. 2003 ; . Tobin M. Physical activity counselling by health professionals. Canadian College of Family Physicians of Canada. 2000. Retrieved: December 15, 2004. From: : cfpc English cfpc programs patient%20care physical%20activity researc h physical%20activity default ?s 1. Toronto Food Policy Council, Toronto Food Policy Council [on-line]. Retrieved: December 2002. From: ryerson ~foodsec food-policy. Tudor-Locke CE, Myers AM, Bell RC, Harris SB, Rodger WN. Preliminary Outcome of the First Step Program: A Daily Physical Activity Intervention for Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling 47, 1 2002 ; : pp. 23-28. University of York. The prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. Effective Health Care 7, 6 2002 ; . Veugelers PJ, Fitzgerald AL. Effectiveness of School Programs in Preventing Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Comparison. American Journal of Public Health 95, 3 2005 ; : pp.432-435. Whitaker RC. Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: The role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 114 1 2004 ; : pp. e29-36. World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series No 894. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. 2000. Wortman J. Personal communication. December 2, 2004.

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An acute medical need is the most frequent reason for an adolescent to seek medical care. It is important to take this opportunity to discuss other topics important to adolescent health. The mnemonic SAFE TIMES is one way of remembering appropriate topics for discussion: S for sexuality issues A for affect e.g., depression ; and abuse e.g., drugs ; F for family function and medical history ; E for examination sensitive and appropriate ; T for timing of development body image ; I for immunizations M for minerals nutritional issues ; E for education and employment school and work issues ; S for safety e.g., vehicle ; PSYCHOSOCIAL EVALUATION Issues related to sexuality, drug or alcohol use, and family and school problems should be systematically reviewed. Questions about school attendance and performance and future plans for school and employment should be part of a complete evaluation and roxithromycin.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of olanzapine or risperidone treatment on -cell function in healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to single-blind therapy with olanzapine 10 mg d; n 17 ; , risperidone 4 mg d; n 13 ; , or placebo n 18 ; for 1517 d. Insulin secretion was quantitatively assessed at baseline and the end of the study period using the hyperglycemic clamp. Weight increased significantly P 0.01 ; in the olanzapine 2.8 1.7 kg ; and risperidone 3.1 2.1 kg ; treatment groups. An increase 25% ; in the insulin response to hyperglycemia and a decrease 18% ; in the insulin sensitivity index were observed after treatment with olanzapine and risperidone. The change in insulin response was correlated r 0.5576; P 0.019 ; with a change in body mass index. When the impact of weight change was accounted for by multivariate regression analyses, no significant change in insulin response or insulin sensitivity was detected after treatment with olanzapine or risperidone. We found no evidence that treatment of healthy volunteers with olanzapine or risperidone decreased the insulin secretory response to a prolonged hyperglycemic challenge. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that olanzapine or risperidone directly impair pancreatic -cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 2918 2923. 1 It can be verified that f 0, 1 ; is true since d, s 0, 1 ; and k s 2-d-d 2 ; . m c The following two observations establish the ranking of f and 2 f for different levels of . Firstly, if 0, then from 10 ; and 12 ; it follows that wm w cf 0, implying from f Lemma 1 that and reboxetine, because risperidone uses.

Chapter 4 Teusch, L., Scherbaum, N., Bohme, H., Bender, G., Eschmann-Mehl, G., Gastpar, M. Different patterns of sexual dysfunctions associated with psychiatric disorders and psychopharmacological treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995; 28: 84-92. Tollefson, G.D, Beasley C.M. Jr., Tran, P.V., Street, J.S., Krueger, J.A., Tamura, R.N. et al. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders: results of an international collaborative trial. J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 457-465. Tran, P.V., Hamilton, S.H., Kuntz, A.J., Potvin, J.H., Andersen, S.W., Beasley, C.M. Jr. et al. Doubleblind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17: 407-418.
More common side effects may include: blurred vision, bone marrow depression, bowel problems, breast enlargement in males and females ; , constipation, dry mouth, hair loss, heart attack, high body temperature, problems urinating, rash, seizure, stroke, swelling of the testicles, water retention page: 1 2 3 previous next email this page printer friendly bookmark this page sponsored health centers visit our breast cancer health center, which includes treatment information and free support groups alzheimer's education health center: warning signs, symptoms, treatment options and more and sodium. The "Comfort Pack" in the unlocked refrigerator was no longer prescribed for Resident B. R 400.14316 Resident records. 1 ; A licensee shall complete, and maintain in the home, a separate record for each resident and shall provide record information as required by the department. A resident record shall include, at a minimum, all of the following information: d ; Health care information, including all of the following: iii ; Statements and instructions for supervising prescribed medication, including dietary supplements and individual special medical procedures. There was no physician's statement or instructions regarding the rectal stimulation of Resident A, or pertaining to putting gauze in Resident A's nose to stop nosebleeds. Instructions from Physician 1 regarding rectal stimulation were not obtained until 09 10 03. R 400.14316 Resident records. 1 ; A licensee shall complete, and maintain in the home, a separate record for each resident and shall provide record information as required by the department. A resident record shall include, at a minimum, all of the following information: d ; Health care information, including all of the following: iv ; A record of physician contacts. There was no complete record of physician contacts for Resident A. VI. CONCLUSIONS R 400.14204 Direct care staff; qualifications and training. 3 ; A licensee or administrator shall provide in-service training or make training available through other sources to direct care staff. Direct care staff shall be competent before performing.

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Literatur 70. Macconi D, Ghilardi M, Bonassi ME, et al.: Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on glomerular basement membrane permeability and distribution of zonula occludens-1 in MWF rats. J Soc Nephrol 11: 477-489, 2000 Mackenzie HS, Brenner MD: Fewer nephrons at birth: a missing link in the etiology of essential hypertension. J Kindney Dis 26: 91-98, 1995 Mackenzie HS, Troy JL, Rennke HG, Brenner MD: TCV 116 prevents progressive renal injury in rats with extensive renal mass ablation. J Hypertens Suppl 12: 11-6, 1994 Manalich R, Reyes L Herrera M, Melendi C, Fundora I: Relationship between weight at birth and the number and size of renal glomeruli in humans: A histomorphometric study. Kidney Int 58: 770-773, 2000 Mann JFE, Gerstein HC, Yi QL, Lonn EM, et al. for the HOPE investigators: Development of renal disease in people at high cardiovascular risk: Results of the HOPE randomized study. J Soc Nephrol 14: 641647, 2003 Mayer G, Lafayette RA, Oliver J, Deen WM, Myers BD, Meyer TW: Effects of Angiotensin II receptor blockade on remnant glomerular permselectivity. Kidney Int 43: 346-353, 1993 Mogensen CE: Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 310: 356 -360, 1984 Muntner P, He J, Hamm L, Loria C, Whelton PK: Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States. J Soc Nephrol 13: 745-753, 2002 Nadim MK, Brenner BM: Glomerular normalcy and pathosis: A "fin de millnaire" perspective. J Nephrol Suppl 12: 16-28, 1999 Nathanielsz WP, Hanson MA: The fetal dilemma: Spare the brain and spoil the liver. J Physiol 548: 333, 2003 Noble NA, Border WA: Angiotensin II in renal fibrosis: Should TGF-beta rather than blood pressure be the therapeutic target? Semin Nephrol 17: 455-66, 1997 Nosadini R, Velussi M, Brocco E, et al.: Altered transcapillary escape of albumin and microalbuminuria reflects two different pathogenetic mechanisms. Diabetes 54: 228-233, 2005 Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF: Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight and body surface in normal man. Anat Record 232: 194-201, 1992 Olson JL, Hostetter TH, Rennke HG, Brenner BM, Venkatachalam MA: Altered glomerular permselectivity and progressive sclerosis following extreme ablation of renal mass. Kidney Int 22: 112-26, 1982 and stavudine. Vitamin B12 is supplied in two injectable forms; hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin is the preferred form to use because its effects are longer lasting and it does not contain the cyanide component of cyanocobalamin. For patients requiring ongoing regular treatment of B 12, cyanide accumulation can become a problem over time.

Acknowledgements -- this work was financially supported by grants from the yrjo jahnsson foundation, the finnish foundation for gastroenterological research, the finnish--norwegian foundation for medicine, and from the finnish foundation for alcohol studies and zerit.

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Case reports are beginning to help form a real-life picture of ziprasidone, a new atypical antipsychotic drug. Three cases described in the American Journal of Psychiatry attribute a variety of side effects to the drug. Case 1 A woman with schizoaffective disorder was started on ziprasidone therapy in place of risperidone. She was admitted for altered mental status with reduced level of consciousness, agitation, and disorientation. Her body temperature was 38.5C rising to 41.3C on day three ; , her blood pressure was 160 100 mm Hg, and her pulse was 112 beats per minute. Results of a physical examination revealed nothing else remarkable. Laboratory studies, however, told a different story. The patient's white blood cell count was elevated; her creatinine level was high, peaking at 7 mg dl on day seven; and her glucose level was 250 mg dl, spiking to 980 mg dl a day later. The creatinine kinase level was more than 64, 000 U L during the first week. The tests also showed a sevenfold increase in pancreatic amylase. An abdominal computed tomography CT ; scan revealed pancreatic inflammation. Ziprasidone and lithium treatments were stopped. Clozapine was stopped and later restarted because of severe psychosis. The patient's mental status returned to baseline values, and the pancreatitis resolved. After one week of hemodialysis, renal function returned. The severe hyperglycemia was managed with IV insulin; over three weeks, the hyperglycemia gradually improved. Although the patient never had muscle rigidity, the clinicians say that the rhabdomyolysis, hypertension, and fever suggested neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Sirintorn Tengamnuay B . Medical Technology ; M . Clinical pathology ; Vipa Treeratweeraphong B , Medical Technology ; M Microbiology and ticlopidine. Consumption in patients with chronic schizophrenia and selfinduced water intoxication. We carried out a prospective open-label study to determine whether risperidone may be useful in treating the latter condition. Method We selected 8 consecutive men mean age SD 44.4 9.9 years ; who we were starting risperidone treatment and who met DSM-III-R criteria for chronic schizophrenia. We obtained written informed consent after giving the subjects a complete description of the study. Their mean duration of hospitalization was 16.7 9.0 years. All participants had a long history of polydipsia and episodic water intoxication. They had resided on the 25-bed all-male Water Intoxication Unit at Riverview Hospital for an average of 5.4 3.3 years. We have characterized patients on this unit in a previous report 8 ; . We monitored the fluid intake of the patients for an 8-week period by weighing them 4 times per day. We calculated the daily maximum percent increase in body weight with respect to their 07: 30 baseline weight. Serial body weight measurement is a useful way of monitoring changes in hydration 9 ; . We completed the BPRS for 7 of the 8 men. We then started them on risperidone in doses up to 16 mg day. We tapered and then discontinued their previous antipsychotic medication over 2 weeks. We tried to minimize changes to their medications over the study period. We.
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Where appropriate, initiate antipsychotic treatment. If no particular factors influencing choice, try sulpiride or risperidonr see table below.

The food pyramid can be used as an educational tool Health Promotion Unit, DoHC ; . It shows the groups of foods that make up a good diet. The cereals and bread group should supply a minimum of six servings. Most women may require more of the starchy carbohydrate CHO ; group and emphasis should be on watching portion size for these foods and perhaps spreading them over the day into smaller meals. Women should be encouraged to choose lower glycaemic index GI ; carbohydrate food see Table 1 ; . Four daily servings of fruit and vegetables are recommended. As fruit contains natural fruit sugars these servings should be spread over the day and fruit juice taken with meals and zelnorm and risperidone, for example, rispeeidone ocd.

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Akhondzadeh, Afkham extrapyramidal side effects. Its D1 and D2 receptor antagonism affinities are low 37, 38 ; and unlike typical antipsychotics, clozapine has a regional specificity for mesolimbic dopamine tracts, with only weak affinities for striatal D2 receptors. This regional specificity allows clozapine, and other atypical antipsychotics, to act upon the mesolimbic-induced positive symptoms without creating major side effects. The drug does not block behaviors induced by amphetamine or apomorphine, further suggesting that any dopamine antagonism is secondary to other activities. The antipsychotic effects of clozapine seem to result in the lessening of both positive and negative symptoms mainly secondary negative symptoms ; , without the system-degenerating side effects. It appears to have an acute, clearly dose-dependent effect on the aggressive behavior associated with schizophrenia 49-51 ; . However, even clozapine has unwanted side effects, which necessitate discontinuation of clozapine therapy in about 8% of patients. The most serious side effect, agranulocytosis, is characterized by an abnormally low granulocyte or total white blood cell count 52 ; . Although clozapine has proven extremely successful as an antipsychotic, it cannot be employed to treat schizophrenia until two antipsychotics have failed to produce significant results 53 ; . This fact is almost directly due to the risk of agranulocytosis 53, 54 ; . Risperiddone is the second atypical antipsychotic to come into common use. Unlike clozapine it can be used as a first line therapy against schizophrenia and is in widespread use now. It acts upon the same receptor sites as clozapine with some extra affinities for benzodiazepine receptors, 5-HT1 receptors, 2-adrenergic and -adrenergic receptors 36-38 ; and appears to reduce both positive and negative symptoms with the same efficacy. The side effect profile of the drug is similar to clozapine, but the risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects appears to be higher and no case of agranulocytosis has ever been documented. Its more frequent prescription rate appears to be due to this lessened side effect risk and its lower cost 36-38 ; . Olanzapine is the third FDA approved atypical antipsychotic. Its efficacy seems to match clozapine and risperidone, while the side effect profile is identical to risperidone. Olanzapine specifically blocks 5-HT and D2 receptors and additionally blocks muscarinic M1 ; , H1, 5HT2c, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, D1 and D4 receptors. Its 5-HT blockade is about 8-fold stronger than its dopamine receptor blockade 36-38 ; . Somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, dyspepsia, increased appetite, and tremor are associated with olanzapine use. Olanzapine is somewhat more likely than risperidone to cause weight gain. Two percent of patients may need a discontinuation of the drug because of transaminase elevation 36-38 ; . Amisulpride is a selective dopamine D2 D3 receptor blocker. The evaluation of this atypical antipsychotic specifically addressed the question of efficacy in negative symptoms 46 ; . Although amisulpride is not a serotonindopamine antagonist, it is not associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Its exact mechanism of low EPS is not clear but is hypothesized to be a preference for mesolimbic over nigrostriatal dopamine receptors in the animal models 46 ; . Ziprasidone is an antagoinst of 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, and 5HT2C; D2, D3 and a1 receptors. Ziprasidone also has agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The most common adverse effects in patients taking ziprasidone were somnolence, headache, dizziness, nausea and QT prolongation in those with a history of cardiac arrhythmia 46 ; . Quetiapine is an antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT6, D1 and D2, H1 and 1 and 2 receptors. It dose not block muscarinic or benzodiazepine receptors. Quetiapine, like clozapine, is not associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. The most common adverse effects of quetiapine are somnolence, postural hypotension and dizziness 55, 56 ; . Aripiprazole is the newest atypical antipsychotic to come into practice. It is a unique antipsychotic that exhibits partial agonism at the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5HT1A receptors and antagonism at the serotonin 5HT 2A receptors. Aripiprazole also displays a high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3, serotonin 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors, moderate affinity for dopamine D4, serotonin 5HT2C and 5HT7, 1adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors, and moderate affinity for the serotonin reuptake site. Aripiprazole lacks affinity for the cholinergic muscarinic receptors 57, 58 ; . Aripiprazole is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the product. The risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is limited, but still present, with aripiprazole administration. It may be associated with orthostatic hypotension and should be used with caution among patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or conditions that predispose patients to hypotension 57, 58 ; . Aripiprazole should be used with caution among patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that lower the seizure threshold. The risk of seizures in preliminary, short term, placebo controlled studies is very low to absent 1 926 or 0.1% ; 57, 58 ; . The safety and efficacy of aripiprazole has not been established among pregnant or breastfeeding women and should be used only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks associated with its use. In addition, the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole has not been established among pediatric and adolescent patients 57, 58. 6 in my experience, while the initial impact on behaviours can be dramatic, the effectiveness of risperidone usually declines over time and tibolone. Pharmacology risperidone is a very strong dopamine blocker antagonist , it inhibits functioning of dopamine receptors.
32. Lind GJ, Chew SJ, Marzani D, Wallman J. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists inhibit chick scleral chondrocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 22172231. Brown JH, Taylor P. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. In: Wonsiewicz MJ, McCurdy P, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996: 141160. 34. Chen L, Gu Y, Huang LY. The opioid peptide dynorphin directly blocks NMDA receptor channels in the rat. J Physiol. 1995; 482: 575581. Shukla VK, Lemaire S. Non-opioid effects of dynorphins: Possible role of the NMDA receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994: 15; 420 Coyle JT, Snyder SH. Antiparkinsonian drugs: inhibition of dopamine uptake in the corpus striatum as a possible mechanism of action. Science. 1969; 166: 899 Goodale DB, Moore KE. Benztropine-induced release of dopamine from brain in vivo. Neuropharmacology. 1975; 14: 585589. Zwart R, Vijverberg HPM. Potentiation and inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors by atropine: competitive and noncompetitive effects. Mol Pharmacol. 1997; 52: 886 Stone RA, Sugimoto R, Gill AS, Capehart C, Lindstrom JM. Effects of nicotinic antagonists on ocular growth and experimental myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001; 42: 557565. Jun 21, 2007 marketwire press release ; , the group of medications known as atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine and quetiapine, are widely used to treat putnam pair charged with tenncare fraud - jun 18, 2007 wtvf, seroquel is the brand version of the drug quetiapine, an antipsychotic medication used to treat the symptoms of psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia jail eyes change in drug policy - jun 18, 2007 bangor daily news.
Discussion Tilt training as therapy for neurocardiogenic syncope was first described in 1997.8 In addition, other studies12, 13 confirmed that tilt training is an effective treatment for recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope with almost complete relief of symptoms in daily life. However, no long-term follow-up results were available in these studies. Following an initial program of daily in-hospital tilt training in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, no recurrent syncope was reported in the present series when the tilt training therapy was continued on a regular basis at home at least 3 week ; . A difficult issue with this treatment is compliance to therapy. This study is the first report on long-term clinical outcome in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope who were treated with tilt training. Because during a program of tilt training, syncope disappears during daily life, a considerable number of patients 29 38 [76%] ; reported discontinuing this therapy after an average follow-up of 43 months. The results show that at 43-month follow-up, 82% of the total group of patients, who initially performed a program of tilt training, were free of syncope. This is better than the recurrence rate of 35% reported by the Task Force on Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology10, 14 during a follow-up period of 3 years. The recurrence rate of syncope in the present series of patients who continued tilt training on a regular basis at home was low 1 9 ; . review on the results of pharmacotherapy in neurally mediated syncope, Benditt et al.7 reported that about 90% of the patients with a negative tilt test under therapy remained free of syncope during an 18.5-month follow-up. However, the distribution was highly skewed with recurrence rates as high as 4650% in some studies on patients treated with beta blocking agents or ergotamine, respectively.15 The long-term efficacy of pacemaker therapy was also studied in patients with the cardioinhibitory type of syncope. In the North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study VPS ; that compared the clinical outcome of a group of patients with syncope who were treated with pacemaker versus no pacemaker implantation, a syncope recurrence was observed in 70% of the patients without pacemaker implantation versus 22% in the group with pacemaker therapy P , 0.0001 ; .16 However, the follow-up period of this study was only 2 years on average. In the more recent Vasovagal Syncope International Study VASIS ; on the effectiveness of pacemaker therapy in a selected group of patients with the cardioin1444, for example, action of risperidone.
Risperidone risperdal ; not as effective as clozapine or olanzapine for chronic, severe schizophrenia, but differences are modest 2001 and 2002 studies and roxithromycin.
Control individual has three D2 receptors, two in the dimer form and one in the monomer form. It is proposed that in schizophrenia, under the influence of increased release of endogenous dopamine, all three exist in the monomer form. Thus, radioraclopride binding would show no difference, but the binding of radiospiperone would be higher in the schizophrenia brain as compared to controls ; because of an increased number of monomers. The dopamine hypothesis has been much criticized. For instance, although therapeutic doses of most antipsychotics occupy 60% to 80% of the D2 receptors in patients, clozapine and quetiapine have been apparent exceptions, exhibiting clinical efficacy with only 10% to 45% occupation of D2 receptors see references in ref. 7 ; . It therefore has been suggested that the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia be extended into a serotonin-dopamine hypothesis. However, recent work on imaging both D2 and serotonin-2 receptors in patients taking antipsychotics fails to find evidence for a contribution from the occupation of serotonin receptors 20 ; . For example, the threshold for clinical antipsychotic action remains at 65% occupation of D2 receptors in first-episode patients, whether one uses haloperidol, which has no serotonin-receptor blocking action, or risperidone or olanzapine, which block all serotonin-2 receptors but at doses far below those needed for clinical efficacy. Similarly, the threshold for extrapyramidal signs, which is 80% D2 occupancy, remains unaltered despite the presence of 100% block of serotonin-2 receptors for risperidone or olanzapine. It should also be noted that therapeutic doses of clozapine and quetiapine transiently occupy high levels of D2 receptors in patients, but the effect lasts for only the first few hours 6 ; . Thus, the D2-occupying properties of clozapine and quetiapine are remarkable only for their short duration of action; they otherwise support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, as originally outlined by Van Rossum 1 ; . There is more to schizophrenia than psychosis. The psychological abnormalities and cognitive difficulties in schizo 1975 ; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 43764380. 4. Burt, D. R., Creese, I. & Snyder, S. H. 1976 ; Mol. Pharmacol. 12, 800812. 5. Seeman, P., Lee, T., Chau-Wong, M. & Wong, K. 1976 ; Nature London ; 261, 717719. 6. Kapur, S., Zipursky, R., Jones, C., Shammi, C. S., Remington, G. & Seeman, P. 2000 ; Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, in press. 7. Seeman, P. & Tallerico, T. 1999 ; Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 876884. 8. Kapur, S. & Seeman, P. 2000 ; J. Psychiatr. Neurosci. 25, 161166.

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COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES COMPARATIVE POLITICS Comparative Sociology N Comparative Strategy Comparative Studies in Society & History Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education COMPEL Compensation & Benefits Review Compensation & Working Conditions Competition & Change COMPETITIVENESS REVIEW COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN MEDICINE Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations: An International Journal Composite Interfaces Composite Structures COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMPOSITES. PART A, APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING. Composites: Part B, Engineering COMPOSITIO MATHEMATICA Composition Studies Compost Science & Utilization Comptes rendus biologies Comptes Rendus Chimie Comptes Rendus Geoscience Comptes Rendus Mathematique Comptes Rendus Mecanique. Controlled study demonstrated that adjunctive olanzapine was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and depression in combat veterans with PTSD without psychotic symptoms who had minimal response to an SSRI.24 Open-label trials of risperidone, 25 olanzapine, 26 and quetiapine27 also reported beneficial effects. In another study, olanzapine was not superior to placebo.28 PTSD is probably associated with abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephine, and dopamine systems, among others.29 Aripiprazole is a novel and efficacious antipsychotic with 5-HT 2A antagonist effect and partial agonist activity at the 5-HT1A and D2 receptors, which may confer a favorable effect on anxiety along with less extrapyramidal symptoms.30, 31 Aripiprazole has been proven effective in schizophrenia and was not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, prolactin elevation, weight gain, or QT c interval prolongation as compared with placebo.32, 33 A recent report indicated that four out of five PTSD cases benefited from open-label aripiprazole treatment, 34 indicating the potential usefulness of this medication in PTSD. The pharmacological profile of aripiprazole, the insufficient evidence about its efficacy in PTSD and the hopes that it may be an effective compound among veterans who appear not to respond to FDAapproved agents led us to study its efficacy in PTSD in the hopes of eventually conducting a double-blind study. To our knowledge, this is the first monotherapy design clinical trial of aripiprazole using standardized rating scales in the treatment of PTSD. We report the results of a twelve-week, open-label, flexible dose trial of aripiprazole monotherapy conducted to assess its efficacy in core PTSD symptoms and associated psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, depressive and positive psychotic symptoms.

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